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作者:李曉雲
作者(外文):Shiau-Yun Lee
論文名稱:道德兩難的解題困難與迷思
論文名稱(外文):Why Moral Dilemmas are Hard to Solve?
指導教授:蕭振邦
指導教授(外文):Jenn-Bang Shiau
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中央大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
學號:93124002
畢業學年度:97
語文別:中文
論文頁數:151
中文關鍵詞:道德衝突價值不可共量與不可比較道德兩難道德不確定性
外文關鍵詞:moral conflictsmoral uncertaintymoral dilemmasincommensurability and incomparability of values
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本論文的論旨是探討道德兩難這種道德情境的解題困難及其困難的道德或價值根源。首先,我將解題困難分為兩種類型,一種是我們在解決問題的過程中所面臨的解題障礙,另一種則是我們試圖架構問題時所面臨的困難。解題障礙有兩個,一個出現在我們理解問題的階段,稱為道德不確定性,另一個則出現在道德或價值判斷的階段,稱為價值不可共量與不可比較(AIV)。至於另一個類型的解題困難,則是前人研究對道德兩難的各種理解上和解題上的思想錯誤,本論文將之統稱為解題迷思。
在道德不確定性的部分,我指出道德考量正確性的不確定、相關性的不確定以及結果∕後果的不確定這三種是造成道德兩難解題困難的道德不確定性類型。透過事例的論證,我發現有兩種情況會在道德理解的階段產生道德不確定性的問題,一種是概念模糊的情況,另一種是因科學或科技的發展而造成的無預期的新問題。從James Wallace的道德世界圖像中,我們知道解決問題就是成功地將舊知識調整為適合解決新問題的新知識。然而,我們的道德資源時而成功地進行調整與解題,時而調整失敗而殘留道德不確定性的問題。根據我的研究,主要的原因在於,當某個道德問題涉及到概念階層的徹底改變時,我們的道德資源就無法調整舊有的資源來整合這些新的現象。James Griffin認為,道德或倫理學的經驗性與社會性特質導致了它在處理跨越道德領域的道德問題時受限於問題視野的不足。最後,這一切導致了道德不確定性成為舊知識、舊思想在面對新的道德情境時,因人類還未發展出完整的新調和架構而處於的一個過渡狀態。
在探討AIV如何及為何造成道德兩難的解題困難的篇章中,我首先分析了價值不可共量(IV)與價值不可比較(ICV)的概念。在IV的部分,我將IV區分為數學意義與理論意義的IV。數學意義的IV的側重點在於否定內在價值判準的存在;而理論意義的IV則是揭示價值之間分屬不同的概念或價值架構。接著我的研究轉到ICV的概念分析,我認為目前西方學界認可的,來自Raz和Chang的兩大ICV定義並沒有把ICV的內涵真正釐清,因此我指出了它們各自的問題之後,提出了我所建議的ICV定義作為我的研究基礎。在第二節裡,我們發現ICV通常涉及不同類型的價值,透過群論與邏輯類型的理論架構,我將類型與其他相關概念的分類規則建立起來,並將上一節對價值比較與價值判準的研究銜接在價值類型的議題,最後得出的研究結果是:相同的類型意味相同的組織原則,也意味相同的價值判準,反之亦然。這就可以初步說明為什麼不同類型的價值與ICV的關係如此密切。最後,我以價值架構論來解釋ICV根源的理論架構,並說明了我們的價值世界如何存在兩個相互獨立的價值架構:道德價值架構與審慎價值架構。這兩大價值架構各自依循不同的組織原則,也因此,它們之間的衝突很難解決。
最後,我重新回到道德兩難論辯的脈絡來考察前人們是如何架構道德兩難這個問題。首先我分析他們各自對道德兩難的定義以及與其它相關概念的關係,接著我也分析了對道德兩難的解題脈絡非常重要的概念:「解決」。從上述的分析中,我發現可以將前人的研究取向區分為兩大解題架構類型,一個是「以原則或價值為中心的解題架構」,另一個則是「以道德行動者為中心的解題架構」。我嘗試以之前的概念架構為研究資源,重新建立這些解題架構的內在部分,也就是從中發現解題架構裡的解題模式、解題條件、解題進路。經由解題架構的剖析,我們發現了隱藏在這些解題架構內的各種思想或預設的錯誤。最後,我把觸角伸入檯面下的解題迷思,這些解題迷思是更加隱晦不明的思想盲點,因為它是我們所習而不察的理解問題與架構問題所依據的前提與假設。這兩種解題迷思引導前人往錯誤的方向去架構道德兩難,也導致道德兩難被貼上不可解決的標籤。
Moral dilemmas are considered to be the most difficult moral situation which we encountered in ordinary life. This thesis aims to examine the perplexity of this situation in details and profound way. Perplexity refers to the problems which prevent us from comprehending and resolving moral dilemmas. My main task in this thesis is to detect the problems and trying to trace back the sources which contribute to these problems. I divide the perplexity of moral dilemmas into two types: one is called the quandaries of resolution which appeared as the signal that moral dilemmas are irresolvable at all. The quandaries of resolution are considered as the main problems of the moral dilemmas. It can also be divided into two parts, namely, moral uncertainty and incommensurability and incomparability of values(AIV). Another type of the perplexity refers to the ideas or assumptions which we possess without being aware of its wrongfulness or misguidance. These ideas or assumptions are generally called the myths of understanding, they mislead us to the problematic ways while we trying to constitute the framework of resolution.
In chapter 2, I try to show that why moral uncertainty is hard to solve in certain ways, and that the source of its difficulty deriving from the change of the conceptual schemes to which we have not yet to prepare well to adjust our sources of understanding. In chapter 3, I construct a new definition of incomparability of values. After examining the connections between value types, incomparability of values and criterion of values, I found that different types of values have their own framework of values which determine their nature of criterion of values. By analyzing these frameworks of values, I conclude that the values which are subordinated to different frameworks, are difficult for us to compare their relative normative weight. If we try to resolve the moral dilemmas through comparing the conflicting values, different types of values will made the task harder or even fail. Finally, I explore the elements in moral dilemmas, and find out that there are two kinds of the frameworks of resolution; one is value-centered framework, while another is agent-centered framework. These frameworks reveal the diversity ways of how we understanding, designing and framing the resolution of moral dilemmas. However, they also manifest how we presupposing some wrong ideas about moral dilemmas which bring out a common belief that moral dilemmas are extremely difficult or even irresolvable. Those myths of thinking are considered to be the deepest sources of the perplexity of moral dilemmas.
第一章 導論1
第一節 研究動機1
第二節 問題意識與研究取向3
一、問題的起源與發展3
二、問題意識與研究取向7
第三節 研究進路與方法10
一、道德兩難論辯的回顧與分析11
二、研究進路17
二、研究方法與架構20
第四節 研究目的24
第五節 研究步驟25
第二章 道德不確定性27
第一節 道德不確定性的類型27
第二節 道德不確定性如何造成解題的困難30
一、道德理解與判斷階段30
二、道德感受的階段37
三、道德人格的階段38
第三節 道德不確定性為什麼會造成解題的困難39
第四節 小結53
第三章 價值的不可共量與不可比較55
第一節 價值不可共量與價值不可比較的相關概念及其意含55
一、不可共量與價值不可共量57
二、價值不可比較與比較66
第二節 價值不可比較、價值類型與價值判準79
一、價值不可比較與價值類型80
二、價值類型與價值判準86
第三節價值世界、價值架構與道德兩難94
一、價值架構與組織原則94
二、價值不可比較的根源與道德兩難的解題困境98
第四節小結108
第四章 道德兩難的解題迷思110
第一節 道德兩難基本概念的理解與區辨110
一、我們如何理解道德兩難?110
二、我們如何理解道德兩難的「解決」?119
第二節 道德兩難的解題架構與解題迷思124
一、道德兩難的解題架構與檯面上的解題迷思124
二、檯面下的解題迷思130
第三節小結140
第五章 結論141
第一節研究成果回顧與整理141
一、研究成果的整體鳥瞰和扼要概括141
二、各章研究內容回顧142
第二節研究成果的檢討與後續研究之展望143
引用資料148
一、英文專書
1.Baumann, Peter and Monika Betzler (eds.), 2004, Practical Conflicts, New York: Cambridge University Press.
2.Bateson, Gregory, 1979, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, Cresskill, New Jersey: Hampton Press, Inc..
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9.Kant, Immanuel, Mary Gregor (tr.), 1997, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, New York: Cambridge University Press.
10.Kekes, John, 1993, The Morality of Pluralism, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
11.Kidder, Rushworth M., 1995, How Good People Make Tough Choice,New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc..
12.Mason, H. E. (ed.), 1996, Moral Dilemmas and Moral Theory, New York: Oxford University Press.
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14.Raz, Joseph, 1986, The Morality of Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press, .
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19.Statman, Daniel (eds.), 1993, Moral Luck, Albany: State University of New York Press.
20.Stocker, Michael, 1990, Plural and Conflicting Values, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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23.Wallace, James D., 1988, Moral Relevance and Moral Conflict, New York: Cornell University.
24.Watzlawick, Paul, John Weakland and Richard Risch, 1974, Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
25.White, James E. (ed.) , 1991, Contemporary Moral Problems , New York: West Publishing Company.
二、英文專文
1.Bradley, F. H., 1987, “Collision of Duties” in Moral Dilemmas, edited by Christopher W. Gowans, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 62-82.
2.Chang, Ruth, 2004, “Putting Together Morality and Well-Being” in Practical Conflicts, edited by Peter Baumann and Monika Betzler, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-158.
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5.Griffin, James, 1997, “Incommensurability: What’s the Problem” in Incommensurability, Incomparability, and Practical Reason , edited by Ruth Chang, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 35-51.
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7.MacIntyre, Alasdair, 1990, “Moral Dilemmas” in Philosophy and Phenomenology Research, 50(Supp.), pp. 367-382.
8.Marcus, Ruth Barcan, 1987, “Moral Dilemmas and Consistency” in Moral Dilemmas, edited by Christopher W. Gowans, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 188-204.
9.Mason, H. E., 1996, “Responsibility and Principles: Reflection on the Sources of Moral Dilemmas” in Moral Dilemmas and Moral Theory, edited by H.E. Mason, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 216-235.
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13.Mothersill, Mary, 1996, “The Moral Dilemmas Debate” in Moral Dilemmas and Moral Theory, edited by H.E. Mason, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 66-85.
14.Nagel, Thomas, 1987, “The Fragmentation of Value” in Moral Dilemmas, edited by Christopher W. Gowans, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 174-187.
15.Raz, Joseph, 1987, “Mixing Values” in Engaging Reason: On the Theory of Value and Action, by Joseph Raz, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 182-96.
16.Ross, David, 1987, “Prima Facie Duties” in Moral Dilemmas, edited by Christopher W. Gowans, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83-100.
17.Singer, Peter, 1991, “All Animals are Equal” in Contemporary Moral Problems , edited by James E. White, New York: West Publishing Company, pp. 340-8.
18.Williams, Bernard, 1987, “Ethical Consistency” in Moral Dilemmas, edited by Christopher W. Gowans, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 115-137.
三、中文專書
1.王邦雄(等著),2005年,《中國哲學史(上)》,台北:里仁書局,修訂一版。
2.余英時(著),2007年,《知識人與中國文化的價值》,台北:時報文化出版企業股份有限公司。
3.林安梧(著),2005年,《儒家倫理與社會正義》,北京:中國言實出版社,初版一刷。
4.Bateson, Gregory(著),章明儀(譯),2003,《心智與自然》(Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity),台北:商業周刊出版股份有限公司。
5.Buchanan, Mark(著),葉偉文(譯),2008,《隱藏的邏輯》(The Social Atom: Why the Rich Get Richer, Cheaters Get Caught, and Your Neighbor Usually Looks Like You),台北:天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
6.Gilbert, Daniel(著),戴至中(譯),2006年,《快樂為什麼不幸福》(Stumbling on Happiness),台北:時報文化出版企業股份有限公司。
7.Krishnamurti, J.(著),羅若蘋(譯),1995,《論衝突》(On Conflict),台北:方智出版社。
8.Krishnamurti, J.(著),葉偉文(譯),1997,《學習與知識》(On Learning and Knowledge),台北:方智出版社。
9.Nisbett, Richard E.(著),李秀霞(譯),2006,《思維的版圖》(The Geography of Thought),北京:中信出版社。
10.Schwart, Barry(著),劉世南(譯),2005,《只想買條牛仔褲──選擇的弔詭》(The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less),台北:天下雜誌股份有限公司。
11.Thagard, Paul(著),邱美虹(等譯),2003,《概念革命》(Conceptual Revolutions),台北:洪葉文化事業有限公司。
12.Watzlawick, Paul、John Weakland、Richard Risch(著),鄭村棋(等譯),2005,《與改變共舞》(Change)台北:遠流出版事業。
四、網路資料
1.〈人權〉於維基百科網:http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83&variant=zh-tw
2 Hsieh, Nien-hê, “Incommensurable Values” in plato.stanford.edu, www: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/value-incommensurable/
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