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作者:劉皓程
作者(外文):Hao-Cheng Liu
論文名稱:論謝勒的情感現象學與人格理論— 一種文本詮釋的進路
論文名稱(外文):On Max Scheler’s Phenomenology of Feeling and Person Theory- A Method of Textual Interpretation
指導教授:孫雲平
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中央大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
學號:102124003
出版年:104
畢業學年度:103
語文別:中文
論文頁數:94
中文關鍵詞:形式主義先驗自我實質價值同感人格
外文關鍵詞:FormalismTranscendental EgoNon-formal ValuesFellow-FeelingPersonLove
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本論文探究謝勒哲學中的情感現象學與人格,謝勒在著作《倫理學中的形式主義與實質的價值倫理學》藉由現象學方法反省康德哲學形式主義問題,所造成實質價值倫理學的被忽視。因為康德形式主義倫理學將情感價值貶為後天的,並且將「自我」訴諸於先天形式,導致去人格化、去個體化與去情感生活的狀態。但是謝勒則提出情感先天主義、實質先天與價值先天的可能性。謝勒認為藉由對於實質價值被給予的偏好,才能夠顯現其價值的階層。而人則可以在心靈活動中承載價值,甚至在愛的活動裡昇華自身獨一無二的人格價值。

本篇論文以謝勒的實質價值倫理學、情感現象學與人格主義倫理學作為基礎。首先,從謝勒對於康德形式倫理學批判,探究實質價值的現象學意義,以及闡述現象學經驗與自然經驗之間的差異,所帶來的形式先天與價值先天的不同之處。其次,從謝勒的《同情的本質與形式》探討情感現象之中,不同人格的同感相互作用,並且涉及愛所意向價值昇華的活動。最後,說明謝勒主張人格的非對象化。人格的世界乃是作為所有心靈活動的整體現象,此整體現象顯示乃是獨特的人格價值。而人格價值也經由不同價值階層的價值承載,呈現出不同的人格典範。此外,個體人格也可以與總體人格之間彼此同感,且兩者在社群關係之中有其情感價值相互的意向感受。

總而言之,謝勒提出人格在心靈活動的可能性裡承載不同的價值感受,而又可以在愛的活動中,讓人格愛成為最高價值。以上皆是在現象學經驗作為先天性的,不同於「自我」的功能性預設,以及不同於「自我」被實體化的問題,使得「自我」被作為一種事實性領域的掌握。因此,謝勒則以現象學方法來重新賦予人格活生生的情感生活之意義,此為謝勒現象學的貢獻之處。
The thesis aims at the phenomenology of feeling and the Person in Max Scheler’s philosophy. In his Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, Phenomenological methods are used to reflect problems caused by Kant’s philosophical Formalism, which leads to the negligence of non-formal ethics of values. Kant abates the value of feeling in Formal Ethics into a posteriori, and makes the “self” into a pirori, so that the situation of depersonalization, deindividuation, and eliminating emotive life appears. However, Scheler proposes other possibilities—an emotive apirorism, a Pirori Non-Formal Ethics, and a priori values—because value levels would be appeared by the preferring given from non-formal ethics. Then, one can bear the value in acts, and promotes the activity of love to sublimate his/her individual and unique personal values.

The thesis is based on Scheler’s non-formal ethics of values, phenomenology of feeling, and personalism ethic. First, he discusses the phenomenological meaning of non-formal ethics from Kant’s formalism ethic, and elaborates the differences between phenomenological and natural experiences, which cause the differentiation of formal priori and value priori. Second, from his The Nature of Sympathy, we discuss the fellow-feeling interaction of different person from the phenomenon of feeling, and reaches to the activity from which love intends to sublime values. Finally, we illuminate that Scheler verifies a person’s non-objectification. The world of a person is a holistic phenomenon, demonstrating unique personal values, of all acts. Personal values manifest different personality models through different bearing of value levels. Personal individual can also generate fellow-feeling among collective person. Both of personal individual and collective person share mutual intentional feeling of values.

In sum, Scheler proposes the possibilities that a person in acts may convey different values and feeling, and demonstrates love of the person to be the highest value in the movement of love. The above mentioned by Scheler are a pirori in the phenomenological experience, and become an insurance of factual fields, which are different from the functional presupposition of “self” and from the problem of substantiation of “self.” So, Scheler re-defines living person as the meaning of living emotive life. This is the contribution of Scheler’s phenomenology.
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………ii
致謝……………………………………………………………………iii
目錄……………………………………………………………………iv
第一章 導論……………………………………………………………1

第二章 謝勒的價值先天倫理學………………………………………7

第一節 論善的倫理學、目的倫理學與實質倫理學的關係………………7
一、善的倫理學與價值之間的關係…………………………………8
二、「追求」、「目標」與「價值」的關係………………………………12
1. 「目的」與「追求」…………………………………………12
2. 意志的「目的」與追求的「目標」…………………………14
3. 「目的」、「目標」與「價值」的現象學……………………15
三、康德「善」意志的概念批判……………………………………16

第二節 先天性與被給予性…………………………………………………18
一、現象學的經驗與被給予性………………………………………19
二、形式的先天性與價值的先天性…………………………………22
三、康德倫理學的意欲問題…………………………………………25

第三節 作為謝勒之價值客觀存在的意涵…………………………………27
一、價值與價值載體的關係…………………………………………28
二、價值高低的判準…………………………………………………29
三、價值的內涵………………………………………………………33

第三章 謝勒的情感現象學…………………………………………35

第一節 情感感受與同感現象…………………………………………………35
一、情感感受的現象……………………………………………………37
1. 感受活動與感受狀態兩者之關係與差異……………………37
2. 意向感受活動…………………………………………………38
3. 意向感受與愛的活動…………………………………………39
二、同感的現象與作用…………………………………………………40
1.共情……………………………………………………………42
2.同感……………………………………………………………44
3.情緒性的感染…………………………………………………46
4.情緒性的同一化作用…………………………………………47
三、傳統同情心的批判………………………………………………48
四、同感與愛的相關性………………………………………………51

第二節 愛與人格的現象學…………………………………………………54
一、愛與價值的關係…………………………………………………55
二、愛與人格愛………………………………………………………59
三、善的愛之批判……………………………………………………61

第四章 謝勒的人格主義之建基……………………………………63

第一節 人格、身體與世界的現象學………………………………………63
一、 人格與先驗自我………………………………………………65
二、 身體與身軀……………………………………………………69
三、 人格的世界與身體的周遭世界………………………………71

第二節 人格價值與倫理意涵………………………………………………74
一、 人格的個體價值………………………………………………75
二、 普遍性、自律與人格…………………………………………77

第三節 人格的典範及其社群關係…………………………………………81
一、 個體人格與社群內涵…………………………………………82
二、 人格的榜樣……………………………………………………84

第五章 結論…………………………………………………………86

參考書目………………………………………………………………92
一、謝勒著作

Scheler, Max. 1973. Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values: A New Attempt Toward the Foundation of An Ethical Personalism. Translated by Manfred S. Frings and Roger L. Funk. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Scheler, Max. 2008. The Nature of Sympathy. With a new introduction by Graham McAleer. Piscataway, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
Scheler, Max. 1998. Ressentiment. Translation, Lewis B. Coser, William W. Holdheim; introduction, Manfred S. Frings. Milwaukee, Wis.: Marquette University Press.
Scheler, Max. 1973. Selected Philosophical Essays. Translated by David R. Lachterman. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Scheler, Max. 1987. Person and Self-Value: Three Essays. With an introduction, edited and partially translated by M.S. Frings. Hingham. MA, USA: Distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Scheler, Max. 1992. On Feeling, Knowing, and Valuing: Selected Writings. Edited and with an introduction by Harold J. Bershady. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

二、西文研究文獻

Frings, Manfred S. 1996. Max Scheler: A Concise Introduction into the World of a Great Thinker. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
Frings, Manfred S . 2001. The Mind of Max Scheler: The First Comprehensive Guide Based on the Complete Works. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.
Frings, Manfred S . 1974. Max Scheler (1874-1928): Centennial Essays, The Hague: Nijhoff.
Husserl, Edmund. 1960. Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. Translated by and edited by Dorion Cairns. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.
Kant, Immanuel. 2012. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by and edited by Mary Gregor and Jens Timmermann, with an introduction by Christine M. Korsgaard. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1997. Critique of Practical Reason. Translated and edited by Mary Gregor, with an introduction by Andrews Reath. New York: Cambridge University.
Kant, Immanuel. 1999. Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Paul Guyer and Allen Wood. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kant, Immanuel. 1871. The Metaphysic of Ethics. Translated by J. W. Semple; edited, with introduction, by Rev. Henry Calderwood, Edinburgh: Clark.
McGill, V. J. 1942. “Scheler's Theory of Sympathy and Love.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 2, 3: 273-291.
Nota , John H. 1983. Max Scheler, the Man and His Work. Translated by Theodore Plantinga. Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press.
Perrin, Ron. 1991. Max Scheler‘s Concept of the Person: An Ethics of Humanism. London: Macmillan.
Spader, Peter. 2002. Scheler‘s Ethical Personalism: Its Logic, Development, and Promise. New York: Fordham University Press.
Spiegelberg, Herbert. 1960. The Phenomenological Movenent: A Historical Introduction. With the collaboration of Karl Schuhman. Haglue: Martinus Nijhoff.
Vacek , Edward V. 1982. “Scheler's Phenomenology of Love.” The Journal of Religion 62, 2: 156-177.
Zahavi, Dan. 2003. Husserl's Phenomenology. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.

三、中文研究文獻

馬克斯.舍勒(著),倪梁康(譯),2004,《倫理學中的形式主義與質料的價值倫理學:
為一門倫理學人格主義奠基的新嘗試》,北京市: 生活.讀書.新知三聯出版發行。
陳仁華(譯),1991,《謝勒論文集: 位格與自我的價值》,臺北市: 遠流出版。
陳仁華(譯),1991,《情感現象學》,臺北市: 遠流出版。
李明輝(譯),康德(著),《道德底形上學之基礎》,臺北市:聯經出版社,1990,初版。
李秋零(編),《純粹理性批判》,北京市:中國人民大學,2004。
李秋零(編),《純然理性界限內的宗教.道德形而上學》,北京市:中國人民大學,2007。
江日新(著),《馬克斯.謝勒》,台北: 東大出版,1990。
方迪啟(著),黃藿(譯),1986,《價值是什麼? : 價值學導論》,台北:聯經出版。
張偉(著),《質料先天與人格生成: 對舍勒現象學的質料價值倫理學的重構》,台北: 政大出版,2013。
張偉(著),〈康德、胡賽爾和謝勒在倫理學建基問題上的爭執〉,《國立政治大學哲學學報》第28期(台北市:國立政治大學,2012),頁131-180。
張廷國(譯),胡塞爾(著),《笛卡兒式的沉思》,北京市 : 中國城市出版社,2002。
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